Well, you're looking at it the wrong way.
Basically, you have two kind of mics :
- Electrodynamic mics, which don't require any form of powering.
- Electrostatic mics, which are based on electrostatic charges, and to achieve this it needs some kind of power (this is a generalisation, electrets for example only need the power for the internal preamp).
Now, both kinds of microphones deliver quite a low signal, which is too low for you to use in most applications (most circuits, for example in a mixer or soundcard, need line levels). So you need a preamp, which only job is to bring up the level to a useable state.
Now, you might have heard that condenser mics have an internal preamp. That's usually true, because the variations in static charges are so small they need to be amplified a bit (and usually they do it that way that the output level of a condenser mic is higher than a dynamic mic). But still, you're not even close to a line level which you need for example in a mixer. So both mics need preamps.
Most decent preamps can deliver phantom power, so you can use them with electrostatic mics. If the preamp can't deliver power, it won't work with electrostatics. That's why those external phantom boxes are for, they provide the power, so the mic can deliver it's signal, and then you connect that to a preamp.
Nowadays, making a "normal" preamp is cheap, so a lot of phantom powering boxes actually include a preamp too.
Do you need to get an extra preamp? Depends what you have already. Any decent production mixer has some mic preamps included.
So, in conclusion, you need a preamp for all mics. Will it make the sound different? That depends on the preamp. Different electronic designs have different sonic results, and sometimes it's those sonic signatures that are sought after (for example tube preamps usually give a fuller sound, with smoother top). You can't expect a 50$ preamp to behave like a 3000$ one...
