So, some words and their meaning and the symbols that we might see for some of them - by no means all of them.....

Tempo

Term Meaning Abbrev
Accelerando Gradually getting faster Accel.
Adagio Slow
Allegretto Fairly quick
Allegro Quick
Andante Walking pace
Animato Animated, lively
A Tempo To the original speed
Grave Very slow, funereal
Grazioso Graceful
Largamente Broadly
Largo Slow, stately
Lento Slow
Meno mosso Less movement
Moderato Medium speed
Molto Very, much
Mosso Movement
Piu mosso More movement
Presto Very Fast
Rallentando Gradually getting Rall.
Ritardando Holding back (tempo) Ritard.
Ritenuto Holding back (tempo) Riten.
Tempo 1o First Tempo 1o.
Vivace Lively, quick viv.

Dynamics

Term Meaning Symbol
Crescendo Gradually getting louder cresc. or <
Decrescendo Gradually getting softer decresc. or >
Forte Loud f
Fortissimo Very Loud ff
Forzando Accented, forced fz
Mezzo forte Moderately loud mf
Mezzo piano Moderately soft mp
Piano Soft p
Pianissimo Very soft pp
Rinforzando Accented, forced rfz
Sforzando Accented, forced sfz

Articulations

Term Meaning Symbol
Forzando Accented, forced fz
Legato Smoothly leg.
Marcato Emphatic, accented marc. or ^
Pesante Heavy pes.
Pizzicato Plucked pizz.
Rinforzando Accented, forced rfz
Sforzando Accented, forced sfz
Staccato Detached, short stacc or .
Tenuto Held for full length ten. or -

Other terms

Term Meaning Symbol
Cantabile In a singing style
Coda An end section of music
Da Capo (return) To (the) start D.C.
Da Capo al Coda (return) To (the) start and play until the Coda Sign then go to the coda D.C. al Coda or D.C.al
Dal Segno (return) To (the) sign D.S. or D.
Dal Segno al Coda (return) To (the) sign and play until the Coda Sign then go to the coda D.S. al Coda or D. al
Espressivo Expressive
Maestoso Majestic
Meno Less
Molto Very, much
Mosso Movement
Nobilmente Nobly
Piu More
Poco Little
Segno Sign
Sempre Always semp.
Subito Immediately sub.
Tacet/Tacit Silent