There are many different ways that you can arrange a song, and they all depend on the material that is present. This is an area in which I excel, so I will try to simplify it. Though, it is never simple due to the fact that you never come accross the same material to arrange. You must always start a song to get somebody's attention within the first 10-20 seconds. There are a few ways to do this depending on the song. The simplest way is to give a shortened version of the chorus, but with a stightly different vocal. It can be straight off of the chorus, but you want to differentiate it from the actual chorus. The addition of a lead instrument, just singing the first part of the chorus, changing the overall rhythm a bit, etc. This is one of the simplest ways of grabbing the listeners attention if you are dealing with a song that has a great chorus. But, remember that you are only giving a taste of what is to come.
Another way of starting a tune is to have an actual intro that is an excursion from any other part of the song. This is typically a bit trickier as it requires that you set out to build a feeling of anticipation. But, some guidelines to follow to help make it an easier process are as follows: Make it progressive. Make it have a sense of building. Offer a pause or a great turnaround before going into the first verse. This type of song beginning is usually between 4-12 bars. But, if you are going beyong 4 bars for an intro, it best be very intriguing.
Probably the very simplest way to start a tune is to play a 4 bar "quiet" verse. It is what it is. It's an instrumental of the verse with the vocals coming in 4 bars into it.
Now, that takes care of the beginning of a song. Now, we get into the meat of it. First, it helps to have some form of song structure knowledge. Bar-forms are the key here. There are many out there, but typically you will see 32, 12, 16 and 8 bars. Look them up and learn how to distinguish between the different variations. Sometimes it is very simple. You have a verse-chorus-verse-chorus-middle 8-verse-chorus type arrangement. Other times you will do a variation of the 32-bar form (AABA). And then, you will sometimes break some of the standards. For instance, a popular variation on the 32-bar forrm is to play verse1-verse2-middle 8-verse1 (or turnaround) with verse 2 being a totally different sounding verse than that of verse 1. The only real judge of how to do it is your ear and the ears of the masses. But, always remember that the verse/chorus structure is always in a multiple of 2. 8 bars verse to 4 bars chorus. 8 and 8. 16 and 8, etc. If ever you are in doubt of whether a particular part is too long, then make it shorter. Because, if you are asking yourself if it sounds to long... Then it is. Better to be short and sweet than long and boring/repetiive.
Now, you also asked about production, of which arrangement is a very important facet. But, you must understand that a Producer has to also think about the overall sonic tapestry of a project. The "sound" of it all. When somebody gets hired to produce a project, he typically has already formed his pallet. All he needs to do now is make sure that the band/artist and the engineer are on the same page. Usually a producer has an already finished product that lies within his mind, he just needs to get that to translate into the actual product. There is no way to teach this other than to practice getting the things that you hear in you mind and successfully translate that into the real world. Also, it takes a lot of natural talent in knowing what people want to hear at a particular time in the ever dynamic field of entertainment.
I have produced a fair amount of projects and I prefer it to actually writing the material. But, when it really comes down to it, I would much rather be the engineer. Though, usually when I produce, I already the engineer by default. I feel more comfortable working with a producer and just tweaking and peaking his vision successfully.