How is sampler patch different from loops?

a sampler patch is a one shot playback of a sample, it may include loop points for sustain purposes: this is common in most romplers (samplers that playback existing sample patches, like kontakt or sampletank)

a sample loop requires start and end points and is cycled through

a synth patch/preset is similar to a sample patch in that it is a one shot deal but there will be no internal loop points, you are designing the sound by combining waveforms and applying filtering and other fx with control curves generated by other waveform sources including envelopes (ADSR): the envelope may be applied to the filters, the pitch, the output amplifier,etc. Breadth of application depends on the individual synth module
 
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